University of California San Francisco

Robert C. Mackersie - 144x
Robert C. Mackersie, MD

Professor of Surgery
Division of General Surgery
Trauma and Surgical Critical Care
Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital

Address

1001 Potrero Avenue, #3A12
San Francisco, CA 94110
United States

Email: [email protected]
Phone: 415-206-8814
Fax: 628-206-5484

Biography

Mackersie is a certified by the American Board of General Surgery, general certificate with subspecialty in surgical critical care. His practice is in general and trauma surgery, which includes vascular and thoracic surgery.  In addition, he is a regular attending on the Surgical Critical Care Service at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center and serves as Vice-Chief of Surgery there.

Dr. Mackersie is a graduate of UC Berkeley and Michigan State University Medical School.  He completed his internship, residency and chief residency training in general surgery and surgical critical care at the University of California, San Francisco, where he continued his specialty training and completed a trauma research fellowship.  Dr. Mackersie joined the faculty at the University of California, San Diego University Hospital from 1985-1991.

Dr. Mackersie was appointed the Trauma Medical Director in 1992 at the University of California/San Francisco General Hospital (now Zuckerberg San Francisco General) and has been instrumental in expanding the multidisciplinary activities related to the Trauma Program.  Dr. Mackersie currently serves as an officer for several surgical organizations and is a Governor of the American College of Surgeons.  Dr. Mackersie has been appointed Secretary/Treasurer for the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma.  Dr. Mackersie has also expanded the Trauma Nurse Practitioner program, and has progressed in developing the first aero-medical transport facility at San Francisco General Hospital.  He has also been appointed Commissioner for the State of California Emergency Medical Services Authority, which is appointed by the Governor/California Speaker of the House.

Dr. Mackersie continues to direct the national program in Trauma System Planning and Evaluation for the American College of Surgeons, which includes the development of national benchmarks for trauma systems and trauma centers, and the creation of national guidelines for trauma systems development. 

Education

Institution Degree Dept or School End Date
University of California, San Francisco Residency School of Medicine

Board Certifications

  • American Board of Surgery, 1986
  • American Board of Surgery, Surgical Critical Care, 1988

Clinical Expertise

General Surgery
Surgical Critical Care
Trauma Surgery
Vascular Surgery

In the News

Ribbon Cutting Ceremony Held for Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center
November, 23, 2015 | UCSF Department of Surgery at Zuckerberg San Francisco General

Research Narrative

  • Inflammatory Lung Injury following major injury: One of the main areas of focus has been post-traumatic inflammatory lung injury. This collaborative research effort has continued, with new reports of the clinical syndrome of ARDS (ref # 63), the impact of ARDS on specific outcomes (ref # 62), and a recent report examining surrogate serum markers predictive of inflammatory lung injury. (ref # 65). The most recent work, still in preparation (Abstract, WIP ref # 3), attemps to link elements of inflammation with post-traumatic coagulopathy, and to better define the nature of early coagulopathy (pre-massive transfusion) that follows shock, traumatic brain injury, and major organ injury.
  • Ventilatory management of patients with ARDS (refs # 66,67). Technical clinical studies performed in ICU patients with ARDS that attempt to expand our understanding of "optimal" modes of lung protective ventilation (LPV) in the setting or acute lung injury. LPV strategies are one of the few, if not the only demonstrable intervention having an impact on the outcome from ARDS over the past 15 years. 
  • Violence prevention recidivism (Abstracts/WIP ref # 1). Work in progress, this is part of an ongoing clinical and programmatic study that screens victims of youth violence & assesses the likelihood of recidivism. "High risk" patients are then referred into a program linking hospital services with post-discharge neighborhood/community services for violence prevention. A randomized study is being designed to compare recidivism outcomes with and without programmatic influence.

Research Interests

  • Trauma systems development
  • Inflammatory lung injury following major injury
  • Ventilatory management of patients with ARDS
  • Violence Prevention

Publications

MOST RECENT PUBLICATIONS FROM A TOTAL OF 96
  1. Is state trauma funding associated with mortality among injured hospitalized patients?
    Byskosh A, Shi M, Helenowski I, Holl JL, Hsia RY, Liepert AE, Mackersie RC, Stey AM| | PubMed
  2. Characterizing re-triage guidelines: A scoping review of states' rules and regulations.
    Broderick CT, Slocum JD, Visenio M, Jelke D, Albanese J, Voights MB, Fantus RJ, Eriksson EA, Lombardo S, Bonne SL, Velmahos GC, Kaufman E, Mackersie RC, Stey AM| | PubMed
  3. Does Trauma Center Volume Account for the Association Between Trauma Center Verification Level and In-Hospital Mortality among Children Injured by Firearms in California?
    Sullivan GA, Reddy S, Reiter AJ, Zeineddin S, Visenio M, Hu A, Mackersie R, Kabre R, Raval MV, Stey AM| | PubMed
  4. Re-triage moderates association between state trauma funding and lower mortality of trauma patients.
    Shi M, Reddy S, Furmanchuk A, Holl JL, Hsia RY, Mackersie RC, Bilimoria KY, Stey AM| | PubMed
  5. Corrigendum to Surviving traumatic injury, only to die of acute drug poisoning: Should trauma centers be a path for intervention? [Surgery 170 (2021) pp 1249-54].
    Bongiovanni T, Hernandez S, Ledesma Y, Menza R, Wick E, Steinman M, Mackersie R, Stein DM, Coffin PO| | PubMed
  6. Geographic Disparities in Re-triage Destinations Among Seriously Injured Californians.
    Furmanchuk A, Rydland KJ, Hsia RY, Mackersie R, Shi M, Hauser MW, Kho A, Bilimoria KY, Stey AM| | PubMed
  7. Defining obstacles to emergency transfer of trauma patients: An evaluation of retriage processes from nontrauma and lower-level Illinois trauma centers.
    Slocum JD, Holl JL, Love R, Shi M, Mackersie R, Alam H, Loftus TM, Andersen R, Bilimoria KY, Stey AM| | PubMed
  8. The Association of Limited English Proficiency With Morbidity and Mortality After Trauma.
    Castro MRH, Schwartz H, Hernandez S, Calthorpe L, Fernández A, Stein D, Mackersie RC, Menza R, Bongiovanni T| | PubMed
  9. Association of Race/Ethnicity With Substance Use Testing After Trauma: A Cross-Sectional Study.
    Hernandez S, Menza R, Schwartz H, Ledesma Y, Stein DM, Mackersie R, Bongiovanni T| | PubMed
  10. Limited English Proficiency Associated With Suboptimal Pain Assessment in Hospitalized Trauma Patients.
    Schwartz H, Menza R, Lindquist K, Mackersie R, Fernández A, Stein D, Bongiovanni T| | PubMed
  11. Inequity in discharge pain management for trauma patients with limited English proficiency.
    Schwartz HEM, Matthay ZA, Menza R, Fernández A, Mackersie R, Stein DM, Bongiovanni T| | PubMed
  12. Surviving traumatic injury, only to die of acute drug poisoning: Should trauma centers be a path for intervention?
    Bongiovanni T, Hernandez S, Ledesma Y, Menza R, Wick E, Steinman M, Mackersie R, Stein DM, Coffin PO| | PubMed
  13. The DISTANCE study: Determining the impact of social distancing on trauma epidemiology during the COVID-19 epidemic-An interrupted time-series analysis.
    Matthay ZA, Kornblith AE, Matthay EC, Sedaghati M, Peterson S, Boeck M, Bongiovanni T, Campbell A, Chalwell L, Colwell C, Farrell MS, Kim WC, Knudson MM, Mackersie R, Li L, Nunez-Garcia B, Langness S, Plevin RE, Sammann A, Tesoriero R, Stein DM, Kornblith LZ| | PubMed
  14. Emergency general surgery utilization and disparities during COVID-19: an interrupted time-series analysis.
    Greenberg AL, Schwartz H, Collins CR, Kelly YM, Mackersie R, Mourad M, Roberts JP, Bongiovanni T| | PubMed
  15. Describing the density of high-level trauma centers in the 15 largest US cities.
    Stey AM, Byskosh A, Etkin C, Mackersie R, Stein DM, Bilimoria KY, Crandall ML| | PubMed
  16. F. William Blaisdell, MD: A leader for all time.
    Knudson MM, Schecter W, Mackersie R, Lewis F, Eastman B| | PubMed
  17. Pelvic fracture pattern predicts the need for hemorrhage control intervention-Results of an AAST multi-institutional study.
    Costantini TW, Coimbra R, Holcomb JB, Podbielski JM, Catalano RD, Blackburn A, Scalea TM, Stein DM, Williams L, Conflitti J, Keeney S, Hoey C, Zhou T, Sperry J, Skiada D, Inaba K, Williams BH, Minei JP, Privette A, Mackersie RC, Robinson BR, Moore FO, AAST Pelvic Fracture Study Group| | PubMed
  18. Reconsidering the Resources Needed for Multiple Casualty Events: Lessons Learned From the Crash of Asiana Airlines Flight 214.
    Campion EM, Juillard C, Knudson MM, Dicker R, Cohen MJ, Mackersie R, Campbell AR, Callcut RA| | PubMed
  19. Current management of hemorrhage from severe pelvic fractures: Results of an American Association for the Surgery of Trauma multi-institutional trial.
    Costantini TW, Coimbra R, Holcomb JB, Podbielski JM, Catalano R, Blackburn A, Scalea TM, Stein DM, Williams L, Conflitti J, Keeney S, Suleiman G, Zhou T, Sperry J, Skiada D, Inaba K, Williams BH, Minei JP, Privette A, Mackersie RC, Robinson BR, Moore FO, AAST Pelvic Fracture Study Group| | PubMed
  20. The Triage of Injured Patients: Mechanism of Injury, Regardless of Injury Severity, Determines Hospital Destination.
    Staudenmayer K, Wang NE, Weiser TG, Maggio P, Mackersie RC, Spain D, Hsia RY| | PubMed
  21. Cervical spine clearance protocols in Level I, II, and III trauma centers in California.
    Pekmezci M, Theologis AA, Dionisio R, Mackersie R, McClellan RT| | PubMed
  22. Recent developments in the assessment of the multiply injured trauma patient.
    Campion EM, Mackersie RC| | PubMed
  23. Beyond emergency surgery: redefining acute care surgery.
    Privette AR, Evans AE, Moyer JC, Nelson MF, Knudson MM, Mackersie RC, Callcut RA, Cohen MJ| | PubMed
  24. For the Care of the Underserved.
    Mackersie RC| | PubMed
  25. Variability in California triage from 2005 to 2009: a population-based longitudinal study of severely injured patients.
    Staudenmayer K, Lin F, Mackersie R, Spain D, Hsia R| | PubMed
  26. Cervical spine clearance protocols in level 1 trauma centers in the United States.
    Theologis AA, Dionisio R, Mackersie R, McClellan RT, Pekmezci M| | PubMed
  27. Evaluating age in the field triage of injured persons.
    Nakamura Y, Daya M, Bulger EM, Schreiber M, Mackersie R, Hsia RY, Mann NC, Holmes JF, Staudenmayer K, Sturges Z, Liao M, Haukoos J, Kuppermann N, Barton ED, Newgard CD, WESTRN Investigators| | PubMed
  28. The forgotten trauma patient: outcomes for injured patients evaluated by emergency medical services but not transported to the hospital.
    Staudenmayer K, Hsia R, Wang E, Sporer K, Ghilarducci D, Spain D, Mackersie R, Sherck J, Kline R, Newgard C| | PubMed
  29. Service: 2010 Western Trauma Association presidential address.
    Mackersie RC| | PubMed
  30. Pitfalls in the evaluation and resuscitation of the trauma patient.
    Mackersie RC| | PubMed
  31. Prospective randomized trial of LC+LCBDE vs ERCP/S+LC for common bile duct stone disease.
    Rogers SJ, Cello JP, Horn JK, Siperstein AE, Schecter WP, Campbell AR, Mackersie RC, Rodas A, Kreuwel HT, Harris HW| | PubMed
  32. Protein C depletion early after trauma increases the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia.
    Cohen MJ, Bir N, Rahn P, Dotson R, Brohi K, Chesebro BB, Mackersie R, Carles M, Wiener-Kronish J, Pittet JF| | PubMed
  33. Where do we go from here? Interim analysis to forge ahead in violence prevention.
    Dicker RA, Jaeger S, Knudson MM, Mackersie RC, Morabito DJ, Antezana J, Texada M| | PubMed
  34. Acute coagulopathy of trauma: hypoperfusion induces systemic anticoagulation and hyperfibrinolysis.
    Brohi K, Cohen MJ, Ganter MT, Schultz MJ, Levi M, Mackersie RC, Pittet JF| | PubMed
  35. Early coagulopathy after traumatic brain injury: the role of hypoperfusion and the protein C pathway.
    Cohen MJ, Brohi K, Ganter MT, Manley GT, Mackersie RC, Pittet JF| | PubMed
  36. In brief. Management of the trauma patient.
    Mackersie RC, Dicker RA| | PubMed
  37. Pitfalls in the evaluation and management of the trauma patient.
    Mackersie RC, Dicker RA| | PubMed
  38. The spontaneous breathing pattern and work of breathing of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute lung injury.
    Kallet RH, Hemphill JC, Dicker RA, Alonso JA, Campbell AR, Mackersie RC, Katz JA| | PubMed
  39. Acute traumatic coagulopathy: initiated by hypoperfusion: modulated through the protein C pathway?
    Brohi K, Cohen MJ, Ganter MT, Matthay MA, Mackersie RC, Pittet JF| | PubMed
  40. Field triage, and the fragile supply of "optimal resources" for the care of the injured patient.
    Mackersie RC| | PubMed
  41. History of trauma field triage development and the American College of Surgeons criteria.
    Mackersie RC| | PubMed
  42. Effects of tidal volume on work of breathing during lung-protective ventilation in patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome.
    Kallet RH, Campbell AR, Dicker RA, Katz JA, Mackersie RC| | PubMed
  43. Work of breathing during lung-protective ventilation in patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a comparison between volume and pressure-regulated breathing modes.
    Kallet RH, Campbell AR, Dicker RA, Katz JA, Mackersie RC| | PubMed
  44. Serum levels of Hsp60 correlate with the development of acute lung injury after trauma.
    Pespeni M, Mackersie RC, Lee H, Morabito D, Hodnett M, Howard M, Pittet JF| | PubMed
  45. Acute respiratory distress syndrome criteria in trauma patients: why the definitions do not work.
    Dicker RA, Morabito DJ, Pittet JF, Campbell AR, Mackersie RC| | PubMed
  46. An epidemic of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus soft tissue infections among medically underserved patients.
    Young DM, Harris HW, Charlebois ED, Chambers H, Campbell A, Perdreau-Remington F, Lee C, Mankani M, Mackersie R, Schecter WP| | PubMed
  47. The development of acute lung injury is associated with worse neurologic outcome in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.
    Holland MC, Mackersie RC, Morabito D, Campbell AR, Kivett VA, Patel R, Erickson VR, Pittet JF| | PubMed
  48. The effects of tidal volume demand on work of breathing during simulated lung-protective ventilation.
    Kallet RH, Alonso JA, Diaz M, Campbell AR, Mackersie RC, Katz JA| | PubMed
  49. Serum levels of Hsp 72 measured early after trauma correlate with survival.
    Pittet JF, Lee H, Morabito D, Howard MB, Welch WJ, Mackersie RC| | PubMed
  50. Multiinstitutional experience with the management of superior mesenteric artery injuries.
    Asensio JA, Britt LD, Borzotta A, Peitzman A, Miller FB, Mackersie RC, Pasquale MD, Pachter HL, Hoyt DB, Rodriguez JL, Falcone R, Davis K, Anderson JT, Ali J, Chan L| | PubMed
  51. Penetrating esophageal injuries: multicenter study of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma.
    Asensio JA, Chahwan S, Forno W, MacKersie R, Wall M, Lake J, Minard G, Kirton O, Nagy K, Karmy-Jones R, Brundage S, Hoyt D, Winchell R, Kralovich K, Shapiro M, Falcone R, McGuire E, Ivatury R, Stoner M, Yelon J, Ledgerwood A, Luchette F, Schwab CW, Frankel H, Chang B, Coscia R, Maull K, Wang D, Hirsch E, Cue J, Schmacht D, Dunn E, Miller F, Powell M, Sherck J, Enderson B, Rue L, Warren R, Rodriquez J, West M, Weireter L, Britt LD, Dries D, Dunham CM, Malangoni M, Fallon W, Simon R, Bell R, Hanpeter D, Gambaro E, Ceballos J, Torcal J, Alo K, Ramicone E, Chan L, American Association for the Surgery of Trauma| | PubMed
  52. The effects of pressure control versus volume control assisted ventilation on patient work of breathing in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome.
    Kallet RH, Campbell AR, Alonso JA, Morabito DJ, Mackersie RC| | PubMed
  53. Initial severity of metabolic acidosis predicts the development of acute lung injury in severely traumatized patients.
    Eberhard LW, Morabito DJ, Matthay MA, Mackersie RC, Campbell AR, Marks JD, Alonso JA, Pittet JF| | PubMed
  54. Leukocytosis and free fluid are important indicators of isolated intestinal injury after blunt trauma.
    Harris HW, Morabito DJ, Mackersie RC, Halvorsen RA, Schecter WP| | PubMed
  55. Gastric rupture and tension pneumoperitoneum complicating cardiopulmonary resuscitation: case report.
    Strear CM, Jarnagin WR, Schecter W, Mackersie RC, Hickey MS| | PubMed
  56. Biological markers of acute lung injury: prognostic and pathogenetic significance.
    Pittet JF, Mackersie RC, Martin TR, Matthay MA| | PubMed
  57. Trauma deaths in a mature urban vs rural trauma system. A comparison.
    Rogers FB, Shackford SR, Hoyt DB, Camp L, Osler TM, Mackersie RC, Davis JW| | PubMed
  58. Use of tissue oxygen tension measurements during resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock.
    Knudson MM, Bermudez KM, Doyle CA, Mackersie RC, Hopf HW, Morabito D| | PubMed
  59. Acute rupture of the diaphragm due to blunt trauma: diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of CT.
    Murray JG, Caoili E, Gruden JF, Evans SJ, Halvorsen RA, Mackersie RC| | PubMed
  60. Violence prevention involvement among trauma surgeons: description and preliminary evaluation.
    Tellez ML, Mackersie RC| | PubMed
  61. Risks, costs, and the expected complication of re-injury.
    Tellez MG, Mackersie RC, Morabito D, Shagoury C, Heye C| | PubMed
  62. Neurogenic pulmonary edema in fatal and nonfatal head injuries.
    Rogers FB, Shackford SR, Trevisani GT, Davis JW, Mackersie RC, Hoyt DB| | PubMed
  63. High-risk behavior and the public burden for funding the costs of acute injury.
    Mackersie RC, Davis JW, Hoyt DB, Holbrook T, Shackford SR| | PubMed
  64. Randomized study of algorithms for discontinuing tube thoracostomy drainage.
    Davis JW, Mackersie RC, Hoyt DB, Garcia J| | PubMed
  65. Differential clearance of colloid and crystalloid solutions from the lung.
    Mackersie RC, Durelle J| | PubMed
  66. The epidemiology of traumatic death. A population-based analysis.
    Shackford SR, Mackersie RC, Holbrook TL, Davis JW, Hollingsworth-Fridlund P, Hoyt DB, Wolf PL| | PubMed
  67. The etiology of missed cervical spine injuries.
    Davis JW, Phreaner DL, Hoyt DB, Mackersie RC| | PubMed
  68. An evaluation of provider-related and disease-related morbidity in a level I university trauma service: directions for quality improvement.
    Hoyt DB, Hollingsworth-Fridlund P, Fortlage D, Davis JW, Mackersie RC| | PubMed
  69. An analysis of errors causing morbidity and mortality in a trauma system: a guide for quality improvement.
    Davis JW, Hoyt DB, McArdle MS, Mackersie RC, Eastman AB, Virgilio RW, Cooper G, Hammill F, Lynch FP| | PubMed
  70. Can burst fractures be predicted from plain radiographs?
    Ballock RT, Mackersie R, Abitbol JJ, Cervilla V, Resnick D, Garfin SR| | PubMed
  71. Procuring donor organs for transplantation.
    Mackersie RC| | PubMed
  72. Base deficit as an indicator of significant abdominal injury.
    Davis JW, Mackersie RC, Holbrook TL, Hoyt DB| | PubMed
  73. The significance of critical care errors in causing preventable death in trauma patients in a trauma system.
    Davis JW, Hoyt DB, McArdle MS, Mackersie RC, Shackford SR, Eastman AB| | PubMed
  74. Prospective evaluation of epidural and intravenous administration of fentanyl for pain control and restoration of ventilatory function following multiple rib fractures.
    Mackersie RC, Karagianes TG, Hoyt DB, Davis JW| | PubMed
  75. Organ procurement in patients with fatal head injuries. The fate of the potential donor.
    Mackersie RC, Bronsther OL, Shackford SR| | PubMed
  76. Blunt carotid artery dissection: incidence, associated injuries, screening, and treatment.
    Davis JW, Holbrook TL, Hoyt DB, Mackersie RC, Field TO, Shackford SR| | PubMed
  77. Complications in evaluating abdominal trauma: diagnostic peritoneal lavage versus computerized axial tomography.
    Davis JW, Hoyt DB, Mackersie RC, McArdle MS| | PubMed
  78. The asymptomatic patient with suspected myocardial contusion.
    Foil MB, Mackersie RC, Furst SR, Davis JW, Swanson MS, Hoyt DB, Shackford SR| | PubMed
  79. Use of end-tidal carbon dioxide tension for monitoring induced hypocapnia in head-injured patients.
    Mackersie RC, Karagianes TG| | PubMed
  80. Pain management following trauma and burns.
    Mackersie RC, Karagianes TG| | PubMed
  81. The economic burden of providing trauma care: what are the costs and who pays?
    Mackersie RC| | PubMed
  82. Venous thromboembolism in patients with major trauma.
    Shackford SR, Davis JW, Hollingsworth-Fridlund P, Brewer NS, Hoyt DB, Mackersie RC| | PubMed
  83. Epidemiology and pathology of traumatic deaths occurring at a Level I Trauma Center in a regionalized system: the importance of secondary brain injury.
    Shackford SR, Mackersie RC, Davis JW, Wolf PL, Hoyt DB| | PubMed
  84. Thoracotomy during trauma resuscitations--an appraisal by board-certified general surgeons.
    Hoyt DB, Shackford SR, Davis JW, Mackersie RC, Hollingsworth-Fridlund P| | PubMed
  85. The impact of in-house surgeons and operating room resuscitation on outcome of traumatic injuries.
    Hoyt DB, Shackford SR, McGill T, Mackersie R, Davis J, Hansbrough J| | PubMed
  86. Intra-abdominal injury following blunt trauma. Identifying the high-risk patient using objective risk factors.
    Mackersie RC, Tiwary AD, Shackford SR, Hoyt DB| | PubMed
  87. Base deficit as a guide to volume resuscitation.
    Davis JW, Shackford SR, Mackersie RC, Hoyt DB| | PubMed
  88. Major skeletal injuries in the obtunded blunt trauma patient: a case for routine radiologic survey.
    Mackersie RC, Shackford SR, Garfin SR, Hoyt DB| | PubMed
  89. Video recording trauma resuscitations: an effective teaching technique.
    Hoyt DB, Shackford SR, Fridland PH, Mackersie RC, Hansbrough JF, Wachtel TL, Fortune JB| | PubMed
  90. The role of pulmonary lymphatics in the clearance of hydrostatic pulmonary edema.
    Mackersie RC, Christensen J, Lewis FR| | PubMed
  91. Continuous epidural fentanyl analgesia: ventilatory function improvement with routine use in treatment of blunt chest injury.
    Mackersie RC, Shackford SR, Hoyt DB, Karagianes TG| | PubMed
  92. Impact of a trauma system on outcome of severely injured patients.
    Shackford SR, Mackersie RC, Hoyt DB, Baxt WG, Eastman AB, Hammill FN, Knotts FB, Virgilio RW| | PubMed
  93. Self-induced subcutaneous air mimicking a gas-forming infection.
    Mackersie RC| | PubMed
  94. The prehospital use of external counterpressure: does MAST make a difference?
    Mackersie RC, Christensen JM, Lewis FR| | PubMed
  95. Morphologic and physiologic correlates of increased extravascular lung water.
    Bongard FS, Matthay M, Mackersie RC, Lewis FR| | PubMed
  96. Pulmonary extravascular fluid accumulation following intracranial injury.
    Mackersie RC, Christensen JM, Pitts LH, Lewis FR| | PubMed